Scale development for measuring sustainability of urban destinations from the perspectives of residents, tourists, businesses and government
本研究从居民、游客、企业和政府四个利益相关者视角，开发并验证了四套主观量表，用于测量城市目的地的可持续性，为旅游从业者和政府制定政策提供参考。
This study develops four subjective scales to measure a destination’s sustainability from the perspectives of residents, tourists, businesses and government agencies. Using the expert opinion survey, participants were asked to evaluate the initial list of indicators based on five aspects of sustainability, including economic, socio-cultural, environmental, political and technological sustainability for each stakeholder group. Then, the scales were validated using partial least squares - structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and confirmatory composite analysis (CCA). This article has a unique theoretical contribution by developing four scales to measure the sustainability of destinations from the perspective of four main stakeholders. Moreover, this article provides practical implications and can assist tourism providers and governments in better understanding sustainable urban tourism development and shaping policy.