Fat Tails, Flat Tails, and Willingness to Pay: Kriström Revisited
研究了两种常用非参数估计方法（Turnbull和Kriström）在支付意愿估计中的局限性，发现投标响应分布的肥尾和平尾会导致估计结果大幅偏离，并利用120个数据集和元分析探讨了何时两种方法会产生分歧。
This article explores the limitations of two commonly used nonparametric approaches: the Turnbull estimator and the Kriström estimator. Fat tails and flat tails in the distribution of bid responses can result in a large divergence in willingness-to-pay estimates across different estimation methods. Since it is extremely rare to capture the tail of the distribution, we highlight the merit of an alternative approach using 120 datasets drawn from the literature. We calculate four nonparametric estimates of willingness to pay for each dataset. Meta-analysis is used to help determine when the Turnbull and Kriström estimators diverge.