Smile-and-go. Regional performance through global value chains in Europe
将微笑曲线概念应用于区域增加值增长而非水平，发现欧洲区域若专精于全球价值链中的稀缺自然资源或稀缺人力技能，则本地增加值增长更快，这揭示了“动态微笑曲线”的存在，并引发对全球一体化时期区域不平等加剧的思考。
By applying the smile curve concept to regional value added growth rather than to levels, the paper claims that local value-added growth increases when a region is specialised in scarce natural resources or scarce human skills within a GVC. Under these circumstances, in fact, the region can establish favourable terms-of-trade. The results obtained at European regional level clearly show that regions rich of high and scarce skills and natural resources are those gaining the most out of GVCs’ participation, witnessing the existence of a “dynamic smile curve” and opening the issue of increasing regional inequalities in a period of global integration.