A (dynamic) investigation of stereotypes, belief‐updating, and behavior
通过实验研究反馈对言语和数学能力决策的动态影响，发现性别差距在负面反馈后持续存在，且负面反馈更易被回忆。
Abstract Using a controlled experiment, we study the dynamic effects of feedback on decision‐making across verbal skills and math. Before feedback, men are more optimistic about their performance and more willing to compete than women, especially in math. While feedback shifts individuals' beliefs and behavior, we see substantial persistence of gender gaps 1 week later. This is particularly true among individuals who receive negative feedback. Our results are not well‐explained by motivated reasoning; in fact, negative feedback is more likely to be recalled than positive feedback. Overall, our results highlight the challenges involved in overcoming gender gaps in dynamic settings.