Creation of state organizations: experiments with ideal-type reform models in a non-Western country
通过分析巴基斯坦1947至2018年的组织创建数据，研究非西方国家如何跟随西方理想型改革模式，发现政府类型（文官或军事）影响不大，且改革呈现混合共存而非单一模式。
By studying organizational creations, this article documents the reform trajectory of a non-Western country from 1947 to 2018, using a comparative analytical framework for the operationalization of reform trends on an original dataset – PSAD. Pakistan has paralleled Western world in following the ideal-type reforms without entirely shifting to the new models. Context matters, but the type of government – civilian or military – has not made vivid difference. No one reform type was pushed away; instead, country moved beyond hierarchies and markets creating blends, staging the co-existence of NPM with hierarchies and networks at its 40th.