Gendered crisis approach: Exploring the gendered impact of Iranian sanctions on nascent entrepreneurship outcomes
利用全球创业观察数据，发现伊朗制裁对女性创业机会感知的负面影响大于男性，但未影响技能感知，且降低了女性的失败恐惧，为政策制定者提供性别包容措施的依据。
Using a gendered crisis approach, this study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iranian women’s nascent entrepreneurial behaviours. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’s individual-level data and sanctions intensity data on 10,781 individuals, aged 18–65 from 2008 to 2018, the findings indicate that sanctions lower the perceived opportunities to start a business for women more so than for men. Although sanctions did not influence perceived start-up skills, suggesting resilience among women amid the challenges, sanctions did reduce the fear of failure for women more so than for men. Policymakers, both in the Collective West and in Iran, can use these insights to develop gender-inclusive measures and support women’s entrepreneurship in sanction-affected contexts.