Life-Cycle analysis of economic and environmental effects for electric bus transit systems
研究评估了三种电动公交系统（固定充电、电池更换、动态无线充电）的生命周期成本和环境影响，以广州快速公交系统为例进行优化，并扩展到全球38个城市，发现电池更换在多数情况下最优，但固定充电和动态无线充电在长线路和高频服务时更具竞争力。
Electric buses play a crucial role in reducing the carbon footprint. This study evaluates the life cycle costs (LCCs) and environmental impacts of three e-bus transit systems: stationary charging, battery swapping, and dynamic wireless charging. A mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal design parameters for the charging infrastructure, bus fleet size, and battery capacity for each e-bus transit system considering battery degradation. Taking Guangzhou’s Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system as an example, a sensitivity analysis of the optimized solution is conducted. The LCC analysis framework is extended to BRT systems in 38 cities globally. The results indicate the superiority of battery swapping in most cases, while stationary charging and dynamic wireless charging are more competitive in cases with long circuit lengths and high service frequencies. Dynamic wireless charging becomes the best option when charging infrastructure is shared with other bus lines or private cars.