Hospital Queues, Patient Health, and Labor Supply
利用骨科手术排队拥挤程度的变化，估计等待时间对患者健康与劳动力供给的影响，发现长时间等待并未增加医疗使用，但显著减少了劳动力供给，导致中长期病假和永久性残疾增加。
Long waits for health care raise concerns about the consequences of delayed treatment. We use variation in queue congestion to estimate effects of wait time for orthopedic surgery. We do not find that longer wait times lead to increased health care utilization. However, we do find persistent reductions in labor supply: long waits increase medium to long-term work absences and permanent disability receipt. Effects are driven by individuals who are on sick leave at referral. Our results are consistent with patterns of state dependence, where extended periods of temporary disability while awaiting treatment create persistent barriers to returning to work.