Provider effects in antibiotic prescribing
利用患者与医生随机匹配的外生变化，发现不同医生的处方风格差异解释了初级保健中抗生素使用的巨大差异，且高处方量并未带来更好的治疗质量或更少的健康不良后果。
In the fight against antibiotic resistance, reducing antibiotic consumption while preserving healthcare quality presents a critical health policy challenge. We investigate the role of practice styles in patients’ antibiotic intake using exogenous variation in patient-physician assignment. Practice style heterogeneity explains 493line antibiotic use between primary care providers. We find no evidence that high prescribing is linked to better treatment quality or fewer adverse health outcomes. Policies improving physician decision-making, particularly among high-prescribers, may be effective in reducing antibiotic consumption while sustaining healthcare quality.