Terrorism and education: Evidence from instrumental variables estimators
利用当地恐怖组织收入及其与基地组织关联的外生变化作为工具变量，估计恐怖袭击对肯尼亚儿童入学率的影响，发现袭击比传统方法预测的更能抑制入学，机制是恐惧而非教育供给中断。
Summary This paper estimates the effect of exposure to terrorist violence on education. Since terrorists may choose targets endogenously, we construct a set of novel instruments. To that end, we leverage exogenous variation from a local terrorist group's revenues and its affiliation with al‐Qaeda. Across several Kenyan datasets, we find that attacks suppress school enrolment more than predicted by difference‐in‐differences‐type estimators. This indicates that terrorists target areas experiencing unobserved, positive shocks. Evidence suggests fears and concerns as mechanisms of impact, rather than educational supply.