On the impact of institutional change: Rights reassignment and career length
研究了职业体育中自由球员制度带来的谈判权从球队向球员的重新分配对球员职业生涯长度的影响，发现自由球员制度缩短了美国职棒大联盟球员的平均职业生涯。
Abstract Rottenberg argued that the reassignment of negotiating rights from owners to players, that would accompany free agency in professional sports, would have little impact on locational or market outcomes. Empirical investigations into such reassignment have produced mixed results. The present paper examines the impact such reassignment had on professional sports athletes' career length. By examining the univariate time series and panel data behavior of Major League Baseball players' average tenure and retention rates, we find that the increased negotiating power associated with the advent of free agency had the impact of shortening average player career length.