Optimal carrying capacity in rural tourism: Crowding, quality deterioration, and productive inefficiency
本文用生产函数方法研究西班牙各省乡村旅游的拥挤问题，发现过夜人数与拥挤呈非线性凹关系，并计算了各省最优承载力，识别出过度拥挤导致负外部性的地区。
This paper introduces a novel framework for characterizing destination overcrowding in rural tourism using a production approach. We build upon destination life cycle, carrying capacity, and consumer preference theories to characterize optimal levels of overnight stays in the presence of disutility from crowding. Using panel data for rural tourism in Spanish provinces, we model crowding non-linearly as a demand shifter within a service production function. To deal with plausible endogeneity, we use a control function approach within a Stochastic Frontier regression. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we show there is a non-linear concave relationship between overnight stays and crowding. We calculate optimal carrying capacity levels (turning points) for each province and illustrate which regions are exhibiting negative externalities from overcrowding.