Effects of mandatory residencies on female physicians’ specialty choices: Evidence from Japan's new medical residency program
研究日本2004年强制轮转住院医师制度后发现，该政策使女医生选择外科（尤其是乳腺外科和泌尿科）的比例上升，选择内科的比例下降，有助于缩小性别差异。
Female physicians remain underrepresented in surgical specialties in Japan. The 2004 New Postgraduate Medical Education Program mandated a two-year rotating residency that allowed residents to choose their specialty after training in multiple fields, including surgery. Following this reform, there was a 2.7 percentage points increase in female physicians choosing general surgery and a 1.5 percentage points increase in urology being chosen, compared to male physicians, as well as a 3.4 percentage points decrease in internal medicine being chosen. This shift of female physicians toward male-dominated surgical specialties is primarily seen in breast surgery, catering to female patients, and in urology, known for its shorter workweeks.