Political Inequality
这篇综述聚焦政治不平等的三个方面：政治与慈善捐款的集中化、描述性代表差距扩大、实质性代表缺失，并结合新证据探讨投票不平等加剧及新型参与形式。
Inequality in political participation and influence has strongly increased in recent decades, breeding economic inequality. In this review, we focus on three aspects of political inequality: the increasing concentration of both political and charitable donations, the growing gap in descriptive representation, and the persistent lack of substantive representation. Based on the existing literature as well as on novel evidence, we relate these aspects to the recent widening of turnout inequality. We then examine novel forms of participation—e.g., the rise of small donors in the United States—and the efficiency of policies aimed at improving representation. Finally, we discuss new avenues for research.