Russell and slack-based measures of efficiency: A unifying framework
本文回顾了效率测度中处理松弛变量的方法，提出了一个统一框架，将松弛测度、罗素效率测度等作为特例纳入，并附有数值示例和R代码，对研究企业、行业或国家效率的学者有参考价值。
Some of the popular technical efficiency measures are not able to account for potential slacks in inputs or outputs and may misrepresent the degree of inefficiency pertinent to firms, industries, and countries when compared to their peers. A wide range of methods have been proposed in the literature over the last four decades to address this important issue. The precise relationship among many of these methods is not always clear. In this paper we briefly review this literature and propose a unifying framework for such measures, one which embraces many other important approaches in efficiency measurement (including slack-based measures, Russell efficiency measures, etc.) as special cases in this general framework. A numerical example is also presented to illustrate the differences among the special cases of the efficiency measures, complemented with the computational code in R for practitioners interested in using these models.