Economic incentives for woodland creation on farmland: Modelling the impacts on biodiversity
本文建模分析了英国农田造林补贴对三种鸟类分布的影响，发现补贴增加能提升生物多样性指标，但成本效益因机会成本与生态潜力的空间相关性而异。
This paper models the effects of economic incentives on woodland planting on UK farmland, and the spatially-varying impacts on three avian species. The economic model uses an agent-based approach: “farmers” in each parcel compare economic returns from keeping their current agricultural land use with the economic incentive for woodland planting. An ecological model then predicts the effects of both parcel-level and local landscape-level woodland cover on species distributions. We compare results from two case study areas which vary in terms of the spatial correlation of opportunity costs and ecological potential. As the per-hectare value of the subsidy for woodland planting is increased, the values of our biodiversity indicator increase, but at rates which vary by case study area and by species. The cost-effectiveness of the economic instrument varies according to the sign of the spatial correlation between opportunity costs and ecological potential.