Non-firm vs priority access: On the long run average and marginal costs of renewables in Australia
研究了澳大利亚国家电力市场中可再生能源项目接入摩擦（如边际损失因子变动和网络拥堵）对市场效率的影响，发现从开放接入转向优先接入会损害消费者和生产者福利。
In Australia, the National Electricity Market (NEM) has experienced a rapid expansion of Variable Renewable Electricity (VRE) projects, not without obstacles. Entry frictions such as movements in Marginal Loss Factors and/or network congestion adversely impacted ∼15% of new projects. Are these the expected results in a workably functioning market, or due to market design defects? Policy advisors have sought to reform the NEM's non-firm, open-access regime. As VRE market shares increase, curtailment will increase rapidly through excess generation and/or network congestion, given the ratio of maximum-to-average wind output is 3 times, and solar PV is 4 times. But access reform focused solely on congestion and curtailment may have unintended consequences as a careful analysis of the difference between average and marginal curtailment rates demonstrates. Malalignment between market conventions and access policy may distort entry, raise consumer prices and harm welfare. Our model results confirm that switching from open- to priority access in Australia's NEM and REZ in particular damages consumer and producer welfare materially.