State fragility, violence and trade: Dangerous trade routes in Colombia
研究哥伦比亚国内武装暴力如何改变货运路线，导致内陆地区为避开暴力而绕路出口，尽管增加了运输距离，揭示了安全对全球南方贸易流动的关键影响。
We investigate the effect of domestic armed violence brought about by insecurity on the geography of freight mobility and the resulting differential access of regions to global markets. There is a preponderance of evidence from the micro-level analysis of Colombia-U.S. export shipping records that export freight shipping from inland regions was re-routed to avoid exposure to domestic armed violence despite extended landside and maritime shipping distances. The discrete choice model shows that the shipping flow was curbed by the extended re-routing due to localized domestic armed violence. The results highlight that security must be accommodated for sustained freight mobility and export-oriented economic development in the Global South.