The Summer Drop in Female Employment
研究发现美国女性就业率在5月至7月下降1.1个百分点，工作时长下降9.8%，主要原因是学校暑假导致母亲需增加育儿时间，这加剧了性别收入差距。
Abstract We provide the first systematic account of summer declines in women's labor market activity. From May to July, US women's employment-to-population ratio declines 1.1pp, whereas men's rises; women's hours worked fall 9.8%, twice the decline among men. School closures for summer break provide a unifying explanation. The summer drop aligns with cross-state differences in school closure timing, is concentrated among mothers with young school-aged children, and coincides with increased time spent on childcare. Gender differences both within and across jobs explain gender gaps in summer exits from employment. Women's summer work interruptions contribute to gender gaps in pay.