“You Will:” A Macroeconomic Analysis of Digital Advertising
构建信息模型分析传统与数字广告如何影响免费媒体商品供给和价格竞争，发现均衡非最优，数字广告显著提升福利，但最优政策带来的福利增益较小。
Abstract An information-based model is developed where traditional and digital advertising finance the provision of free media goods and affect price competition. Digital advertising is directed toward specific consumers while traditional advertising is undirected. The equilibrium is suboptimal. Media goods, if valued by the consumer, are under provided with both types of advertising. Additionally, traditional advertising is excessive because it is undirected. The tax-cum-subsidy policy that overcomes these inefficiencies is characterized. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy. Through the lens of the calibrated model, digital advertising increases welfare significantly. The welfare gain from the optimal policy is much smaller than the gain from digital advertising.