The Gift of a Lifetime: The Hospital, Modern Medicine, and Mortality
利用20世纪初杜克捐赠基金推动医院现代化的项目，发现其支持增加了医疗部门规模和质量，降低了婴儿死亡率（黑人婴儿降幅更大）和长期死亡率，并帮助社区从医学创新中获益更多。
We explore how access to modern hospitals and medicine affects mortality by leveraging efforts of the Duke Endowment to modernize hospitals in the early twentieth century. The Endowment helped communities build and expand hospitals, obtain state-of-the-art medical technology, attract qualified medical personnel, and refine management practices. We find that Duke support increased the size and quality of the medical sector, fostering growth in not-for-profit hospitals and high-quality physicians. Duke funding reduced both infant mortality—with larger effects for Black infants than White infants—and long-run mortality. Finally, we find that communities aided by Duke benefited more from medical innovations.