The integration of migrants in the German labour market: evidence over 50 years
利用德国50年微观普查数据，研究移民与本地男性的就业和收入差距，发现就业差距在到达后十年平均为10个百分点，收入差距反而扩大，且经济冲击对部分群体影响显著。
SUMMARY Germany has become the second-most important destination for migrants worldwide. Using all waves from the microcensus, we study their labour market integration over the last 50 years and highlight differences to the US case. Although the employment gaps between immigrant and native men decline after arrival, they remain large for most cohorts; the average gap after one decade is 10 percentage points. Conversely, income gaps tend to widen post-arrival. Compositional differences explain how those gaps vary across groups, and why they worsened over time; after accounting for composition, integration outcomes show no systematic trend. Still, economic conditions do matter, and employment collapsed in some cohorts after structural shocks hit the German labour market in the early 1990s. Lastly, we examine the integration of recent arrivals during the European refugee ‘crisis’ and the Russo-Ukrainian war.