Complementarities and intergenerational educational mobility: Theory and evidence from Indonesia
基于Becker模型研究印尼代际教育流动性，发现城乡差异：农村教育流动性曲线凸性，城市线性；学校质量与投资在农村和城市受教育家庭互补，在未受教育城市家庭替代。
We adapt the Becker et al. (2015) model to study intergenerational educational mobility in Indonesia with a focus on the role of complementarities. We develop an empirical methodology for testing whether parental financial investment is complementary to school quality and parent’s education. The empirical analysis is based on two estimating equations derived from the model: a quadratic mobility equation specifying the association between a father’s and his children’s schooling, and a linear investment equation specifying the optimal financial investment in children’s schooling as a function of fathers’ schooling. We find that the mobility curve is convex in rural, and linear in urban areas, even though parental education is complementary to financial investment in both locations. School quality is complementary to investment in all rural households but only in educated urban households. It is a substitute in uneducated urban households. Public investment in school quality is expected to improve absolute mobility in most households, but worsen relative mobility.