Disequilibrium Play in Tennis
利用网球发球方向数据，检验顶级职业选手是否采用纳什均衡混合策略，发现多数选手的实际策略并非最优，动态规划策略能显著提高胜率。
Do the world’s best tennis pros play Nash equilibrium mixed strategies? We answer this question using data on serve-direction choices (to the receiver’s left, right, or body) from the Match Charting Project. Using a new approach, we test and reject a key implication of a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium: that the probability of winning the service game is identical for all possible serve strategies. We calculate best-response serve strategies by dynamic programming (DP) and show that for most elite pro servers, the DP strategy significantly increases their win probability relative to the mixed strategies they actually use.