Social framing effects in leadership by example: Preferences or beliefs?
通过2×2实验设计（群体框架：华尔街vs社区；个体框架：先动者vs领导者），研究框架如何影响领导力示范中的贡献行为，发现框架效应主要由信念驱动而非偏好。
Abstract We study the impact of framing on leading‐by‐example. Our 2 × 2 design consists of group level frames (Wall Street vs. Community) and individual level frames (First/Second Movers vs. Leader/Followers). We report on two studies where we elicit participants' beliefs allowing us to evaluate whether framing effects are driven by beliefs or preferences. Across both studies, average contributions are significantly lower in the Community—First Mover frame. This is primarily because leaders contribute less, pulling down followers' contributions. We find that contributions are strongly related to first order and second order beliefs but framing effects remain once we control for beliefs.