The spatial impacts of a massive rail disinvestment program: The Beeching Axe
研究了20世纪中期英国大规模铁路撤资（比钦大斧）对当地人口、就业和人口结构的长期影响，发现铁路服务减少导致人口持续下降。
This paper investigates the reversibility of the effects of transport infrastructure investments, based on a programme that removed much of the rail network in Britain during the mid-20th century. We find that a 10% loss in rail access between 1950 and 1980 caused a persistent 3% decline in local population relative to unaffected areas, implying that the 1 in 5 places most exposed to the cuts saw 24 percentage points less population growth than the 1 in 5 places that were least exposed. The cuts reduced local jobs and shares of skilled workers and young people.