Understanding Spatial Agglomeration: Increasing Returns, Land, and Transportation Costs
提出空间集聚是递增收益与交通成本权衡的结果，这种权衡会资本化到土地租金中，并通过类似蒂布特模型的分类机制解释城市高房价与空间分异现象。
Economic activities are concentrated on a small share of inhabitable land. In our view, this agglomeration is the outcome of a trade-off between increasing returns and transportation costs, which capitalizes into land rents. Our second baseline idea is that Tiebout-like sorting provides a general framework to handle a large array of problems in spatial economics. Cities have high housing prices because they are productive and offer high levels of amenities and public goods. Both production and amenity effects capitalize in the land rent at a particular location. Through the process of bidding for land, spatial sorting is the involuntary consequence of a myriad of individual decisions made by agents who pursue their own interests.