Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement
利用美国海军陆战队的详细人事数据，研究发现母亲在生育后工作表现下降、晋升差距扩大，即使就业和工作时间不变，也会导致相对工资降低。
Abstract This paper explores whether and why a maternal “child penalty” to earnings would emerge even without changes in employment and hours worked. Using a matched event study de-sign, we trace monthly changes in determinants of wages (job performance, human capital accumulation, and promotions). Data come from a usefully unusual setting with required multiyear employment and detailed personnel data: the United States Marine Corps. Mothers' job performance initially declines, and gaps in promotion grow through 24 months postbirth. Fathers' physical fitness performance drops somewhat but recovers. These patterns lead mothers to earn relatively lower wages, even absent changes in employment postbirth.