A comparative analysis of leisure accessibility and equity impacts using location-based and space–time accessibility metrics
比较了三种基于位置和两种时空可达性指标，以巴西圣保罗新单轨列车线为例，评估休闲和公园可达性的不平等，发现该线路提升了沿线低收入群体的可达性，且延长公园开放时间等软政策能带来更大收益。
This paper assesses inequalities in accessibility to non-mandatory activities (leisure and parks) using location-based and space–time accessibility measures. Most studies use location-based accessibility metrics, focus on mandatory activities (such as work or study), and are on the Global North. We present a comparative study with three location-based and two space–time accessibility metrics, which allows us to consider differences in time budgets and trip-chaining of individuals based on origin–destination mobility patterns data. The case study is a new monorail line in São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis revealed that, consistently across the accessibility and equity measures estimated, Line 15 contributes to increasing accessibility to leisure and parks in the districts neighboring the line, particularly for the lower-income groups. Furthermore, this paper clearly shows the relevance of the temporal dimension of accessibility. The case study illustrates that soft policies such as expanding the open hours of parks would result in higher gains in accessibility, especially for low-income groups. The methodology presented uses open data and open-source tools, thus contributing to an open-science perspective. In addition, the applied space–time accessibility measures enhanced the evaluation of inequalities, often underestimated by location-based measures.