Opting out of an EU identity? The effects of differentiated integration on European identity
研究国家退出欧洲整合如何影响公民的欧洲认同，发现退出后公民的欧洲认同反而增强，尤其在退出由民众需求驱动且政治化程度高的国家。
The link between European institutions and European identities remains under-explored. Similarly, we know little about how countries opting out of European integration has helped shape their citizens’ view of themselves as more or less European. Using general synthetic control models and data from 1983 to 2020, I find that people in countries with opt-outs tend to identify as more strongly European in the years after an opt-out is implemented, and most prominently so in the countries where opt-outs responded to a popular demand and were associated with great politicisation. This shows that providing individual countries with greater autonomy may strengthen their citizens’ attachment to Europe, but that any such effect is likely to depend on domestic variations in for instance elite politicisation of European integration.