Gender diversity and audit fees: Insights from a principal-principal agency conflict setting
研究了西班牙上市公司中女性董事如何影响审计费用，发现女性董事因要求更高审计质量而推高审计费用，尤其在控制权与现金流权差距大的公司中作用更显著。
This study delves into how the presence of female directors can impact audit fees, with specific focus on addressing the unique principal-principal agency conflict. Using a sample of Spanish non-financial companies listed on the stock exchange between 2012 and 2022, the study employs winsorization for data normalization and implements various regression techniques to achieve a thorough evaluation. Findings reveal that the inclusion of female directors leads to higher audit fees. This outcome aligns with two potential explanations: firstly, the increasing demands for audit quality driven by female directors' superior monitoring abilities, favoured by controlling owners (demand perspective); and secondly, the possibility that auditors face heightened litigation and reputational risks because of female directors being appointed as tokens or for “window dressing” purposes by controlling owners who engage in expropriation activities. Further analysis indicates that our results are primarily influenced by the demand explanation. The study highlights that the corporate governance role of female directors is more pronounced in firms where substantial disparity exists between the controlling owner's voting rights and cash flow rights, emphasizing their critical role in mitigating Type II agency conflicts. These insights underline the key role of female directors in promoting effective corporate governance through auditing, and they provide useful recommendations for policy makers and business leaders in designing governance and regulatory frameworks, particularly in environments where principal-principal agency conflicts are prominent. • It is relevant to know the motivations of controlling owners in shaping gender diversity on boards • Controlling shareholders select female directors for their superior monitoring skills to signal their commitment to effective corporate governance • Female directors contribute to mitigate the principal-principal agency conflict by increasing their demands for audit quality • Female directors are more likely to strength their supervisory role as the controlling owner's voting and cash flow wedge rises by increasing their demands for audit quality