An economic test for an unlawful agreement to adopt a third-party’s pricing algorithm
提出一个实证检验方法，通过分析采用同一第三方定价算法的企业数量与平均价格的关系，判断企业采用决策是否协调，为反垄断诉讼中认定非法协议提供经济证据。
SUMMARY Artificial intelligence has helped fuel a growing market in the supply of pricing algorithms by software developers. While there is an efficiency rationale for outsourcing pricing, anticompetitive concerns have been expressed when competitors in a market adopt the same pricing algorithm. These concerns have resulted in private litigation claiming a third-party company (who developed the pricing algorithm) and firms (who adopted it) had an unlawful agreement. This study develops an empirical test for determining whether firms’ adoption decisions are coordinated. If adoption decisions are coordinated then adopters’ average price is increasing in the number of adopting firms, while if adoption decisions are independent then adopters’ average price does not depend on the number of adopting firms. This test could provide economic evidence to support a claim of an unlawful agreement between a third-party developer and adopting firms.