Constructing a routable multimodal, multi-cost, time-dependent network model with all emerging mobility options: Methodology and case studies
提出NOMAD模型，将私家车、网约车、共享汽车、公交、自行车、共享单车、电动滑板车、步行和微公交等出行方式整合为统一的可路由网络，并考虑货币成本、旅行时间、可靠性、碰撞风险和身体不适等成本因素，用于创建多模式出行成本矩阵，支持可达性分析和政策决策。
Cities aiming to improve their transportation networks are integrating emerging mobility options at a rapid pace. These modes provide commuters with greater flexibility to construct more convenient trips and reach a larger set of essential service destinations. A few open-source tools allow planners to conduct multimodal routing analysis in time-dependent networks, but they do not sufficiently capture the full set of travel mode combinations and disutility factors perceived by individual travelers. To this end, we introduce NOMAD: Network Optimization for Multimodal Accessibility Decision-making. NOMAD integrates the personal vehicle, transportation network company, carshare, public transit, personal bike, bikeshare, scooter, walking, and feeder micro-transit modes into a unified routable network model. A generalized travel cost function incorporates the following disutility factors: monetary cost, day-to-day mean travel time, (un)reliability as represented by day-to-day 95th percentile travel time, crash risk, and physical discomfort. The proposed open-source tool can be used to create multimodal travel cost matrices, which may immediately serve as an input for accessibility analysis and other policy decisions related to emerging mobility options. This paper develops the network model that forms the basis of NOMAD and demonstrates four use cases in Pittsburgh, PA. • Introduces a routable multimodal, multi-cost, time-dependent network model. • Integrates transit and shared emerging mobility options into a single model. • Defines edge-based generalized travel cost with five disutility factors. • Facilitates routing analysis and creation of multimodal travel cost matrices. • Demonstrates four use cases on transportation network in Pittsburgh, PA.