Government Fragmentation and Economic Growth
利用2000-2014年印尼地区分裂的时机差异，发现政府碎片化短期内降低地区GDP，即使中央转移支付大幅增加，且分裂地区侧重行政支出而未改善公共服务或减少腐败。
Abstract We estimate the impact of local government fragmentation on economic activity in Indonesia from 2000 to 2014, when the number of districts increased by 50% Exploiting idiosyncratic variation in the timing of district splits, we find that fragmentation reduces district GDP in the short term despite large increases in central transfers. The GDP decline is larger in “child” districts that acquire a new capital and government. Furthermore, splitting districts focus spending on administration without improving public services or reducing red tape and corruption. The downsides of fragmentation due to economies of scale and low bureaucratic capacity outweigh potential upsides.