Independent Media, Propaganda, and Religiosity: Evidence from Poland
利用波兰媒体格局剧变，研究发现主流媒体显著影响宗教参与：能收看独立电视的市镇延续长期世俗化趋势，而仅能收看国有电视的市镇则出现逆转。
Exploring a drastic change in media landscape in Poland, we show that mainstream media can significantly affect religious participation. After nationalist populist party PiS came to power in 2015, news on state and private independent TV diverged due to propaganda on state TV, resulting in a switch of some of its audience to independent TV. Municipalities with access to independent TV continued to follow a long-term secularization trend, while municipalities with access only to state TV experienced a reversal of this trend. An online experiment sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the effect of exposure to independent news on religiosity.