A tactical planning framework to integrate paratransit with formal public transport systems
提出一个两步式公交网络频率设置问题框架，用于在战术规划层面整合辅助公交与正规公交，以印度维沙卡帕特南市为例，发现整合规划可使出行时间和排放减少50-60%。
Despite the crucial role of informal paratransit services in mobility systems, their planning and integration with formal public transport systems have received limited attention. We present a novel framework to integrate public transport and paratransit at the tactical planning level. We formulate this integration as a two-step Transit Network Frequency Setting Problem (TNFSP). The first step of TNFSP involves a headway-based network-wide multi-modal transit assignment, followed by an integrated frequency optimisation in the second step. The proposed approach is applied to the network of Visakhapatnam, a medium-sized Indian city with 9 % and 18 % share of paratransit and formal transit. After validating the base model using real-world data, we perform scenario-based analysis to derive the optimal fleet size, network configuration, and frequency of both systems to minimise externalities. Integrated planning and frequency optimization can lead to 50–60 % reduction in travel time and emissions compared to current approach of separately planned systems.