Trade, Slavery, and State Coercion of Labor: Egypt during the First Globalization Era
研究了1861-1865年棉花繁荣如何通过奴隶制和国家强制双重制度影响埃及劳动力市场，发现贸易冲击增加了农村中产阶级的奴隶持有和精英对工人的国家强制，而1877年废奴虽提高工资却未改变国家强制。
Abstract I investigate the effects of trade on labor coercion under the dual-coercive institutions of slavery and state coercion. Employing novel data from Egypt, I document that the cotton boom in 1861–1865 increased both imported slaveholdings of the rural middle class and state coercion of local workers by the elite. As state coercion reduced wage employment, it reinforced the demand for slaves among the rural middle class. While the abolition of slavery in 1877 increased wages, it did not affect state coercion or wage employment. I discuss the political effects of the abolition as a potential explanation for these findings. “The barbarism of the [U.S.] South, while destroying itself, [appeared] in the providence of God to be working out the regeneration of Egypt.” North American Review 98, no. 203 (1864, p. 483), quoted in Earle (1926)