Distribution of vacancies and new hires across employers: Implications for job offers, skill requirements, and employers’ search outcomes
利用斯洛文尼亚数据，研究发现劳动力市场集中度越高，雇主提供的工作机会越差（工资和雇佣期限更低），并改变所需技能（更偏好领导力、手工灵巧和体能），但空缺填补率和填补时间不受影响。
• distribution of hires across employers suggests highly concentrated labour markets in Slovenia • higher concentration is correlated with worse job offers and changes in the set of required skills • vacancy duration and vacancy fill rate are not correlated with concentration of hires • findings are consistent with a model in which concentration affects job searcher's outside options We use data on the flow of new vacancies and hires in Slovenia to document three findings. First, labour markets are highly concentrated when we use the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) to measure the distribution of either vacancies or hires across employers in markets defined by required occupation, the statistical region of employers’ headquarters, and the year of either vacancy registration or hiring. Second, employers offer less attractive job offers (in terms of offered wages and offered length of employment) and change the set of required skills (by favoring leadership, manual dexterity, and fitness) in markets with a more concentrated labour demand. Third, employers are equally likely to fill their vacancies, require a similar amount of time to fill them, and are less likely to fill vacancies with workers whose education is below the required education in markets with a more concentrated labour demand. These patterns are consistent with a labour market in which a more concentrated labour demand restricts job searchers’ job options, strengthens employers’ bargaining leverage, and results in job vacancies with less attractive job amenities yet an expanded list of required skills.