Environmental and Welfare Effects of Large-Scale Integration of Renewables in the Electricity Sector
利用西班牙2019-2022年高粒度数据，研究了为保证高比例可再生能源电力系统可靠性而采取的弃风和启用常规机组等措施对环境、成本和消费者福利的影响，并预测了欧洲天然气削减计划的影响。
Abstract The 2022 energy crisis highlighted the dependence of the Europe electricity sector on imported natural gas and the need to accelerate the adoption of renewables to the power system. However, operating a reliable power system with high share of renewables might require curtailing some renewables and activating conventional generators not scheduled in the day-ahead markets to ensure system reliability. These actions can result in environmental impacts, higher system costs and welfare impacts for customers. We use a novel high-granularity data from the Spanish power system for the period 2019–2022 to estimate the effects of these actions and forecast future impact of implementing ambitious targets of the European Gas Reduction Plan. We show that reliance on conventional generators will sharply increase with the addition of renewables. However, higher electricity consumption reduces the negative welfare impacts of integrating renewables. Until renewables and storage technologies advance further, conventional generators are needed for reliable operation of the systems.