Internal Versus Institutional Barriers to Gender Equality: Evidence from British Politics
研究英国议会中男女议员提问参与度的差异，发现制度环境（如吵闹的议会氛围）比个人经验更能解释性别差距，支持通过制度变革促进性别平等。
Weekly lotteries determine which politicians ask the UK prime minister a question in front of a male-dominated, noisy chamber. Lottery winners receive 4 percent higher vote margin in the next election, but women are 12 percent less likely to submit questions than same-cohort men. The gender gap does not close with lottery-induced experience asking a question, but it closes after a format change, with questions asked to a smaller, quieter audience. The switch differentially draws in women with quieter voices. Our findings support institutional change, rather than experience, as a response to gender gaps in adversarial settings like the UK Parliament.