The Elderly Bias of the Spanish Welfare State (1958–2012)
研究西班牙福利国家从1958年起对老年人的支出偏向，通过国民转移账户分析代际资源流动，发现这种偏向自早期就已存在，并随社会老龄化加剧成为经济挑战。
Abstract The Spanish welfare state is strongly biased toward sustaining the elderly’s welfare, rather than children’s. We study the evolution of that bias since 1958 through National Transfer Accounts (NTA). NTA disentangle how people produce, consume, and save along their life cycle, and how resources move among generations through different mechanisms (families, markets, and governments). We extend the available NTA (2000–2012) to the past and show that Spanish social policies were biased toward the elderly since their early stages. The gradual increase in social expenditure and the aging of Spanish society have turned such bias into a serious challenge for the economy.