Nobody decides for all — Modeling incentives and policies for closing the material loop
构建分析模型刻画制造业、消费者和废弃物管理部门的激励，以欧盟PET市场为例评估碳定价、处置费和产品标准等政策组合的效果，发现其能显著减少物质消耗和排放。
This paper introduces an analytical model that characterizes the incentives of the manufacturing industry, consumers, and waste management sectors in closing the material loop. To address identified market failures, various policy instruments are evaluated both theoretically and numerically, using the example of the EU PET market. The assessment shows that a policy package consisting of carbon pricing, advanced disposal fees, and product standards substantially reduces total material consumption and enhances material recovery, leading to a notable reduction in emissions. The analysis of material cost savings, surplus allocation, and social welfare also shows the advantages of such a policy package compared to individual policy instruments.