Distributional Consequences of Policies for Electric Heat Conversion
研究了美国住宅空气源热泵的采用情况，发现2010-20年间5%的既有住宅和22%的新建住宅改用热泵，新采用集中在南方农村，而转换更分散；计算显示东北部和阿巴拉契亚地区的低收入家庭从热泵转换中获益最大。
We study the adoption of air-source heat pumps for home heating. We estimate that 5% of already-built homes converted to heat pumps during 2010–20, while 22% of new homes built during this period chose heat pumps. New adoptions concentrate among rural households in the South. Conversions are more diffuse, covering urban and rural households in every region. Conversions are more prevalent in areas with mild winters and cheap electricity relative to other fuels but are less strongly associated with energy costs than adoptions in new homes. To better understand the distributional implications going forward, we calculate the annual energy-cost savings from switching to a heat pump for a large sample of US households based on their current heating fuels, climate, and local energy prices. We find massive variation, with low-income households in the Northeast and Appalachians benefiting the most.