SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN CLEAN AND DIRTY ENERGY WITH BIASED TECHNICAL CHANGE
利用法国制造业企业数据估计清洁与肮脏能源之间的替代弹性，发现技术变革偏向肮脏能源，但近期转向清洁技术，并基于微观估计恢复宏观替代弹性。
Abstract The elasticity of substitution between clean and dirty energy lies at the center of leading economic analyses of climate policy. Despite the importance, empirical assessments of this key parameter remain scarce. This article estimates the clean‐dirty elasticity of substitution using data on French manufacturing firms. Using the elasticity estimates, I then measure the bias in technical change at the firm level and find that technical change was largely biased toward dirty energy, despite a recent shift toward clean technologies. Finally, I recover the aggregate elasticity that combines substitution within firms and reallocation across firms from the micro elasticity estimates.