Public attitudes toward athlete activism in sport: utilizing a multivariate list experiment to address social desirability bias in survey responses
本研究通过多元列表实验，纠正社会期望偏差，发现美国公众对支持黑人人权运动的运动员抗议存在隐藏的种族敌意，尤其当抗议运动员是黑人时，不赞成被低估。
Research Question: This study investigates the degree of hidden racial hatred towards athlete protests within the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement by correcting for the Social Desirability Bias (SDB) in survey responses.Research Methods: Employing a multivariate list experiment on a nationally representative sample (n = 1,075), it assesses the extent of SDB and explores variations in support for on-field kneeling protests based on the race of the athlete, respondent demographics, and sport fan identification.Results and Findings: Findings reveal underreported disapproval for BLM-supportive athlete activism, particularly when the protesting athlete is identified as Black. Further analyses highlight hidden biases influenced by respondents’ race, region, political affiliation, and fan identification.Implications: Our findings offer valuable insight on applying list experiments to reduce social desirability biases in surveys, ensuring more accurate reflections of public opinion on contentious topics.