Between theory and action: Assessing the transformative character of climate change adaptation in 51 cases in the Netherlands
本文提出了一个六维度框架（深度、范围、规模、速度、社会脆弱性、生态脆弱性），用于评估气候变化适应行动的变革性，并应用于荷兰51个案例，发现各维度间存在权衡，没有案例在所有维度上表现优异。
• Operationalizing transformative adaptation demands a multidimensional perspective. • These dimensions are depth, scope, scale, pace, social and ecological vulnerability. • No single adaptation case excels in all dimensions of transformative adaptation. • Trade-offs can be identified between the six dimensions. • Governance arrangements should facilitate the continuous potential for transformation. Globally, researchers and policymakers are calling for transformative climate adaptation (TCA) to fundamentally change the attributes of social, economic, and ecological systems to deal with climate risks. However, attempts to conceptualize, assess, and implement TCA are limited and often result in vague and diffuse meanings, hindering transformative action. This study synthesizes existing literature to introduce a framework consisting of six dimensions for evaluating transformative climate adaptation actions: (1) depth, (2) scope, (3) scale, (4) speed, (5) social vulnerability, and (6) ecological vulnerability. We applied this framework to 51 climate change adaptation cases in the Netherlands. Our results show that no single case scored high on all dimensions, suggesting there are trade-offs between the six dimensions. Most trade-offs exist between depth, speed, and scale; however, they sometimes extend to the interplay between social and ecological vulnerability. We identify multiple clusters of cases that display varying degrees and characteristics of transformative change. Our results strengthen the call for a multidimensional and continuous change perspective of TCA to address the gap between transformative theory and transformative actions. The framework proposed here could guide future empirical research on the drivers of TCA and help governance actors work towards building more socially and environmentally resilient futures.