Drivers of Cooperation in Innovation by Energy Firms in Spain
研究了2004-2016年西班牙能源企业选择与供应商或研究机构合作创新的决定因素，发现技术溢出和环保目标（如降低环境影响、满足环境法规）是关键驱动因素。
Abstract Innovation by energy firms is critical for facing the energy transition and the challenge of climate change. Innovation is a complex process, and firms increasingly resort to cooperation with other companies and institutions in their innovation activities. In the energy sector, suppliers have always played a very important role in the technological advances of this industry. The objective of this paper is to analyse the determinants for engagement in cooperation in innovation by energy firms. In this analysis, we distinguish by the type of partnership, whether suppliers or research organisations (universities and research centres). We consider the factors proposed by the industrial organisation literature and the reasons given for firms to innovate, to explain decisions to cooperate. For the empirical analysis, we use a sample of energy firms from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for the period 2004–2016. To carry out the estimations we use binary models for panel data. In order to correct for endogeneity of the relevant variables, some of which are binary, we have relied on the panel data version of the special regressor method. Our results show the important role of incoming spillovers and innovation objectives related to reducing the environmental impact and meeting environmental regulatory requirements to explain cooperation in innovation by energy firms.