The design of external reference pricing schemes and the choice of reference countries and pricing rules
研究在三国框架下如何选择参考国家和定价规则，发现最低价格规则能带来最低药价，但可能使制造商不向参考国出口，且外部参考定价会促使参考国也采用该机制，导致价格趋同。
Abstract External reference pricing imposes a price cap for drugs based on prices in other countries. I study the choice of reference countries and pricing rules in a three‐country framework. If the manufacturer sells to all three countries, the minimum price rule yields the lowest drug price. If the referencing country is sufficiently large, the manufacturer may not export to reference countries under the minimum price rule. External reference pricing creates the incentive for the reference countries also to adopt external reference pricing. Thus, external reference pricing results in price convergence.