Pious people, patronage jobs, and the labor market: Turkey under Erdoğan’s AKP
利用2012-2018年土耳其个人层面民调数据，研究发现正义与发展党执政后，虔诚的逊尼派穆斯林在公共部门（尤其是女性）和高地位私营工作（尤其是男性）中的占比显著增加，而高度虔诚的逊尼派（仅占人口9.3%）在公共部门就业的概率更高。
Abstract In fragmented societies, electoral competition often entails using public office to advance group interests. Using individual-level polling data from 2012 to 2018, we analyze whether age cohorts entering the labor market before and after the religiously conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) assumed power in Turkey experienced different public employment outcomes based on their religion and religiosity. Our analysis reveals that under the AKP rule, pious Sunnis (who constitute a large part of the society) significantly increased their presence in public sector employment (notably among women) and in high-status private jobs (notably among men). Furthermore, the subset of highly religious Sunnis (only 9.3% of the population) improved their likelihood of being employed in the public sector compared to other pious Sunnis and everyone else. Our findings are likely to be driven by the lifting of the headscarf ban in public employment and AKP’s strategic use of public employment and resources to reward like-minded groups in both the public and private spheres.