Private Sanitation and Psychosocial Health in Adolescent Girls
研究了印度和埃塞俄比亚12至22岁青少年中，家庭拥有私人卫生设施（抽水马桶或坑式厕所）与心理社会发展的关系，发现对女孩的自信心和自尊有显著正面影响，但对男孩无显著影响。
Abstract The relationship between access to private sanitation facilities at home and psychosocial development is documented among adolescents aged 12 to 22 in India and Ethiopia. Obtaining access to private sanitation (flush toilets or pit latrines in the household) is associated with significantly higher self-efficacy and self-esteem for adolescent girls but not boys. Associations are stronger for girls who lived in communities with higher overall access to private sanitation, consistent with the hypothesis that relative access may matter more for psychosocial development than absolute access. There was also a significant correlation with improved peer relations for girls in early (age 12 to 15) but not late (age 19 to 22) adolescence. However, there is no evidence that results are operating through improved physical health or parent relationships.